How to Download Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) Mobi Book for Free
Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology): A Comprehensive Guide to Microbial Processes and Interactions
If you are interested in learning more about the fascinating world of bacterial metabolism, you will find this book very useful. Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) is a textbook that covers the main aspects of the metabolic reactions occurring only in bacteria. You can download this book in mobi format for free from the link below.
Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) mobi download book
In this book, you will discover:
How bacteria obtain nutrients and synthesize ATP, the universal energy currency of life.
How Escherichia coli, a model organism for bacterial metabolism, grows on glucose and other substrates under aerobic conditions.
How bacteria synthesize their cellular constituents from simple precursors.
How bacteria regulate their metabolism according to environmental changes and signals.
How bacteria perform different types of fermentations, chemolithotrophy and phototrophy, using alternative electron donors and acceptors.
How bacteria fix molecular nitrogen, a process essential for life on Earth.
This book is based on the latest scientific research and provides clear explanations and examples of bacterial metabolism. You will also find references to other sources of information for further reading. Whether you are a student, a researcher or a teacher, you will benefit from reading this book and gaining a deeper understanding of bacterial metabolism.
To download Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) mobi book for free, click here: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4612-1072-6
Bacterial metabolism is a fascinating topic that reveals the diversity and adaptability of these microscopic organisms. Bacteria can use a variety of substrates and energy sources to grow and survive in different environments. They can also interact with other organisms, such as plants, animals and humans, in beneficial or harmful ways. Understanding bacterial metabolism can help us to exploit their potential for biotechnology, medicine and ecology.
In this article, we will review some of the main aspects of bacterial metabolism, based on the book Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) by Gerhard Gottschalk. This book is a concise yet comprehensive text that surveys the field of bacterial metabolism in terms useful to students and researchers. You can download this book in mobi format for free from the link provided at the end of this article.
Nutrition of Bacteria
Bacteria are classified according to their nutritional requirements into two major groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs are able to synthesize their own organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules, such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. Heterotrophs require preformed organic compounds as carbon and energy sources. Most bacteria are heterotrophs, but some are autotrophs or mixotrophs (able to use both inorganic and organic sources).
Bacteria also differ in their energy sources. Some bacteria use light as their energy source and are called phototrophs. Others use chemical compounds as their energy source and are called chemotrophs. Chemotrophs can be further divided into organotrophs (using organic compounds) and lithotrophs (using inorganic compounds).
Bacteria can also be classified according to their oxygen requirements. Some bacteria need oxygen for their metabolism and are called aerobes. Others cannot tolerate oxygen and are called anaerobes. Some bacteria can grow with or without oxygen and are called facultative anaerobes.
Energy Metabolism of Bacteria
The energy metabolism of bacteria involves the transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor, coupled with the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of life. The electron donor can be an organic or an inorganic compound, depending on the type of bacteria. The electron acceptor can be oxygen or another molecule, such as nitrate, sulfate or carbon dioxide.
The most common pathway for the oxidation of organic compounds by bacteria is glycolysis, which converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and reducing power in the form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Pyruvate can then enter different pathways depending on the availability of oxygen and other electron acceptors.
If oxygen is present, pyruvate can be oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain, generating more ATP and reducing power. This process is called aerobic respiration and is performed by aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria.
If oxygen is absent or limited, pyruvate can be reduced to various end products by different pathways, such as fermentation, anaerobic respiration or anaerobic photosynthesis. These processes generate less ATP than aerobic respiration but allow bacteria to survive in anaerobic environments.
Fermentation
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic metabolism that involves the partial oxidation of organic compounds to produce energy and various end products, such as ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen, acetate and butyrate. Fermentation does not require an external electron acceptor, but uses organic molecules as both electron donors and acceptors. Fermentation generates less ATP than aerobic respiration, but allows bacteria to survive in environments where oxygen or other electron acceptors are scarce or absent.
There are many types of fermentation pathways in bacteria, depending on the substrate used and the end products formed. Some examples are:
Alcoholic fermentation: The conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast and some bacteria.
Lactic acid fermentation: The conversion of glucose or lactose to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria.
Mixed acid fermentation: The production of a mixture of acids (such as acetic, formic, lactic and succinic acids), ethanol, carbon dioxide and hydrogen by enteric bacteria.
Butyric acid fermentation: The production of butyric acid, acetone, isopropanol and hydrogen by clostridia.
Propionic acid fermentation: The production of propionic acid, acetic acid and carbon dioxide by propionibacteria.
Fermentation plays an important role in many industrial processes, such as food production (e.g., cheese, yogurt, bread, beer and wine), biogas generation and biofuel production. Fermentation also affects human health, as some fermented products have probiotic effects, while some fermentation products can cause diseases or spoilage.
Chemolithotrophy
Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism that involves the oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide and iron, to produce energy. Chemolithotrophs use these compounds as electron donors and transfer the electrons to an external electron acceptor, such as oxygen or nitrate. Chemolithotrophs can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, depending on their carbon source.
Chemolithotrophy is performed by a diverse group of bacteria that are found in various environments, such as soil, water, geothermal vents and sewage treatment plants. Chemolithotrophy has ecological significance, as it contributes to the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, sulfur and iron. Chemolithotrophy also has biotechnological applications, such as bioleaching (the extraction of metals from ores by bacteria), bioremediation (the degradation of pollutants by bacteria) and biosensors (the detection of chemicals by bacteria).
Some examples of chemolithotrophic bacteria are:
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria: Bacteria that use hydrogen as an electron donor and oxygen or nitrate as an electron acceptor. They can be autotrophs (e.g., Hydrogenobacter) or heterotrophs (e.g., Alcaligenes).
Nitrifying bacteria: Bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrite (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria) or nitrite to nitrate (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria). They are autotrophs that use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. Examples are Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: Bacteria that oxidize reduced sulfur compounds, such as sulfide, elemental sulfur and thiosulfate, to sulfate. They can use oxygen or nitrate as an electron acceptor. They can be autotrophs (e.g., Thiobacillus) or heterotrophs (e.g., Beggiatoa).
Iron-oxidizing bacteria: Bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+). They use oxygen as an electron acceptor. They can be autotrophs (e.g., Gallionella) or heterotrophs (e.g., Leptothrix).
Phototrophy
Phototrophy is a type of metabolism that involves the use of light as an energy source. Phototrophs use light to excite electrons and transfer them to an electron transport chain, generating ATP and reducing power. Phototrophs can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, depending on their carbon source.
There are two main types of phototrophic bacteria: oxygenic and anoxygenic. Oxygenic phototrophs use water as an electron donor and produce oxygen as a by-product. They also use chlorophyll as a pigment to capture light. The most common oxygenic phototrophs are cyanobacteria, which are responsible for most of the primary production and oxygen generation on Earth.
Anoxygenic phototrophs use other compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate or organic molecules, as electron donors and do not produce oxygen. They also use different pigments, such as bacteriochlorophyll or carotenoids, to capture light. Anoxygenic phototrophs are found in various groups of bacteria, such as purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria and heliobacteria.
Phototrophy has ecological importance, as it contributes to the carbon and sulfur cycles and the formation of microbial mats and stromatolites. Phototrophy also has biotechnological potential, such as biohydrogen production, bioremediation and biosynthesis of valuable compounds.
Some examples of phototrophic bacteria are:
Cyanobacteria: Bacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis using water as an electron donor and chlorophyll a as a pigment. They can fix nitrogen and produce various secondary metabolites. Examples are Anabaena, Nostoc and Synechococcus.
Purple bacteria: Bacteria that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis using various electron donors and bacteriochlorophyll a or b as pigments. They can grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and use different carbon sources. Examples are Rhodospirillum, Rhodobacter and Chromatium.
Green sulfur bacteria: Bacteria that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis using reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors and bacteriochlorophyll c, d or e as pigments. They grow strictly anaerobically in sulfide-rich environments and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. Examples are Chlorobium, Chlorobaculum and Prosthecochloris.
Green nonsulfur bacteria: Bacteria that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis using organic compounds or hydrogen as electron donors and bacteriochlorophyll a or b as pigments. They grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and use various carbon sources. Examples are Chloroflexus, Roseiflexus and Oscillochloris.
Heliobacteria: Bacteria that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis using organic compounds or hydrogen as electron donors and bacteriochlorophyll g as a pigment. They grow anaerobically in soil or water environments and use carbon dioxide or organic compounds as carbon sources. Examples are Heliobacterium, Heliophilum and Heliorestis.
Conclusion
In this article, we have reviewed some of the main aspects of bacterial metabolism, based on the book Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) by Gerhard Gottschalk. We have learned about the nutritional diversity of bacteria, the energy metabolism of bacteria using different substrates and electron acceptors, the fermentation pathways of bacteria producing various end products, the chemolithotrophic metabolism of bacteria using inorganic compounds as electron donors and the phototrophic metabolism of bacteria using light as an energy source. We have also seen the ecological and biotechnological significance of bacterial metabolism and the various examples of bacterial groups that perform different types of metabolism.
Bacterial metabolism is a fascinating topic that reveals the diversity and adaptability of these microscopic organisms. Bacteria can use a variety of substrates and energy sources to grow and survive in different environments. They can also interact with other organisms, such as plants, animals and humans, in beneficial or harmful ways. Understanding bacterial metabolism can help us to exploit their potential for biotechnology, medicine and ecology.
If you want to learn more about bacterial metabolism, you can download the book Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) by Gerhard Gottschalk in mobi format for free from the link below. This book is a concise yet comprehensive text that surveys the field of bacterial metabolism in terms useful to students and researchers. It covers the main aspects of the metabolic reactions occurring only in bacteria and provides clear explanations and examples.
To download Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Series in Microbiology) mobi book for free, click here: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4612-1072-6 b99f773239
https://www.dueverdesigns.com/group/mysite-200-group/discussion/e56b3cf2-ed4a-4f65-8987-91798501aafa